Models of Addiction Essay Example for Free

Models of Addiction EssayThe addicted person can be a entangled of patterns of behavior, predisposition, and social environment. Generally, he is preoccupied with the substance or behavior of choice and will continue to practice the addiction in increasing amounts of time and material. finale results in withdrawal symptoms and discomforts both physically and psychologically. In spite of attempts to cut back or cease the activity, the addict will continue to his behavior to his knowledge detriment and destruction. There are many factors that need to be considered when addressing causation, allowing the models of addiction to fall into three basic categories medical, social, and psychological. Medical ModelsThis model rests on the assumption that unsoundness states are a result of a biological dysfunction, possibly one on the cellular or even molecular level (Doweiko, 2012). The disease or dispositional concept allows the addict to bear no responsibility for the addiction (Jen kins, 2014). Because of underlying physical abnormalities, the addict is not able to control the use of the substance or his behavior. This is the primary way of viewing addictions in the United States, according to Doweiko (2012). The cause here is considered biological or hereditary. A problem here is the potential for defending team of personal responsibility. Genetic factors consider vulnerability, predisposition, and how genes come together to increase risk for addiction. Patterns over time and generations can be helpful in research and in understanding possible solutions. This idea is limited in that research is narrowly focused on biological and genetic factors versus other factors.Social ModelsThis model views consort pressure, social policies, and availability as major contributing influences surrounding addictions. It is mainly concerned with conformance and deviance, what helps, and what is a risk. Unhealthy relationships, dysfunctional families, and environment play a major part in the cause of addiction in this type of model (Jenkins, 2014). Inadequate coping mechanisms and vicarious learning contribute to the problem. The focus is on family, peers, personal relationships, and learned behaviors. The moral volitional or willful sin theory relies on social sanctions to remedy addiction and sees it as a impuissance of character. The greatest hope here is that changing peers, places, and things offers recuperation.On a spiritual level, the degrading effects of sin illuminate the need for redemption (Jenkins, 2014). This compulsion is seen as a form of idol worship, as it places the obsession before God. It hinders spiritual growth and alters the image of God within the believer.Social models are limited in that relationships are difficult to measure (Jenkins, 2014). Rather than how the addiction develops, the emphasis is on recuperation. Genetic predisposition and other areas are not taken into account or ignored and the individuals ability to resi st is not contemplated. Psychological ModelsWith the rise of psychoanalysis came the psychological models of addiction. The addict is considered as being immature developmentally and as having fundamental traits that contribute to the problem. There is the belief that the dilemma is reinforced both socially and MODELS OF ADDICTION 4 environmentally creating a learned reception through classical and operant conditioning (Jenkins, 2014). It is thought that the addict uses defense mechanisms to remain in denial about his predicament and will use cognitive justifications for otherwise unacceptable behavior (Doweiko, 2012). ConclusionFrom the various models used to understand and explain addiction, it isapparent that there is an overlapping or interconnection among the theories. This would support an integrate approach to identifying the cause and effects of this problem. When all factors are considered, the puzzle is much easier to put together. Treatment can then be comprised of mult iple options and resources making recovery more attainable.ReferencesDoweiko, H. 2012. Concepts of chemical dependency , 8th ed. Belmont, CABrooks/Cole, Cengage LearningJenkins, D. 2014. Presentation Models of addiction. Retrieved from http//learn.liberty.edu.

Dark Chocolate Essay Example for Free

Dark Chocolate Essay(NaturalNews) Ongoing research shows that eating dark chocolate exerts beneficial cause throughout the whole body. High quality chocolate delivers disease-zapping antioxidants, lowers caudex pressure and protects your heart and liver, all in one fell crunch. Chemistry Central journal brings even more good news for chocolate lovers, stating that dark chocolate contains more flavanols and polyphenols than fruit juice. Cacao seeds are a Super Fruit providing wholesome value beyond that of their macronutrient composition, said Dr Debra Miller.Chocolate and Blood Pressure The important thing is that the antioxidants in dark chocolate can significantly reduce blood pressure in patients with hypertension. According to researchers from the University of Adelaide, flavanols promote vasodilation, which may consequently lower blood pressure. There have, however, been conflicting results as to the real-life effects of eating chocolate.Weve found that function can sig nificantly, albeit modestly, reduce blood pressure for people with high blood pressure but not for people with normal blood pressure. added Dr Karin Ried, who is program animal trainer and research fellow of the PHCRED (Primary Health Care Research Evaluation Development) program at The University of Adelaide.The analysis concluded that the pressure reduction caused by chocolate utilisation was comparable to the effects of 30 minutes of daily physical activity. Chocolate and Cirrhosis There are also potential benefits for liver disease patients. Spanish scientists found that eating dark chocolate lowers blood pressure in the liver and reduces damage to the blood vessels of patients with cirrhosis.A study which was presented at the International colorful Congress 2010 divided 21 cirrhotic patients with end stage liver disease into two groups. The first group received liquid meal containing dark chocolate, dapple the participants in the second group were getting liquid meal with white chocolate devoid of anti-oxidant properties. As a result, the patients receiving dark chocolate considerd a noticeable reduction of post-prandial increase in blood pressure in the liver. one Square Is Enough.However, it is not necessary to eat huge quantities of chocolate in order to experience all the health benefits. In fact, just one small square a day may be enough to experience the health benefits chocolate is offering. A study performed in Germany that compared 19 357 individuals found that those who ate the most amount of chocolate (an average of 7. 5 grams a day) were at a 39% lower risk of developing a heart attack than people with the lowest (1. 7 grams) chocolate intakes.To put things into perspective, the six grams of expiration are the equivalent of one small square of a typical 100g chocolate bar. Our hypothesis was that because chocolate appears to have a pronounced effect on blood pressure, therefore chocolate consumption would lower the risk of strokes and h eart attacks, explains Dr Brian Buijsse from the German Institute of Human Nutrition, who led the research. Small amounts of chocolate may suspensor to prevent heart disease, but only if it replaces other energy-dense food, such as snacks, in order to keep body weight stable.

Both Psychoanalysis And Surrealism Unconscious Mind Psychology Essay

Both Psychoanalysis And Surrealism Unconscious Mind Psychology EssayThe relationship amongst Surrealism and analytic thought process brush asidenot be debated because they sh argon similarities that atomic number 18 evident. The following literature critical review lead show that both psychoanalysis and Surrealism are based on the unconscious(p) caput brainpower. While psychoanalysis attempts to explain that the military man behavior is findd by the feelings from the outgoing that micturate been stored in the unconscious heed, Surrealism attempts to influence the thinking of the human sense by evoking the feelings of the unconscious mind by the use of opthalmic nontextual matters. It was also found out that the psychoanalytical theory by Sigmund Freud comes in handy in explaining the relationship between the whole kit of a surrealist with psychoanalysis. In addition to that, some of the surrealists processs of art will be used to show how they influence the uncon scious mind.SurrealismSigmund Freud is known to be the father of psychoanalysis and through his work, the relationship between psychoanalysis and surrealism can be seen. Surrealism is a style of art and literature developed principally in the twentieth century, stressing the unconscious or non-rational significance of imagery arrived at by automatism or unexpected juxtapositions (Cherry par. 1). People who engage in surrealism are referred to as surrealists and the main body process that they are engaged in is art work, much(prenominal) as painting and musical composition of literature.The proceeding of Surrealists which involved writings and visual art was most popular in Europe and later on spread to early(a) regions such as New York eventually having an effect on music, literature, visual arts, political thought, social theory and philosophy. Surrealism grew principally out of the earlier Dada faeceswhich produced works of anti-art that deliberately defied modestness (C herry par. 2). In her book, Bradley put ups that Dada predated Surrealism, and Surrealism survived Dada, but for a while, the cardinal movements co-existed in a continuum of shared energy and excitement (12). The Dada movement shared a lot of similarities with Surrealism. For example, just like Surrealism, it ridiculed the way in which the way the complexities that existed in modern life were throw to look secure through categorization and division. Dada artists declared everything to be in a constant and seminal state of flux. They were interested more in a mental attitude than an artistic movement (Bradley 12). In other words, the followers of the Dada movement dwelled mostly on activity believing that it would eventually give rise to creativity.A closer look at the Dada art and creativity shows that they had the intention of provoking and arousing wrath in the audience. However, Surrealism was associated with positive persuadeions in contrast to Dada movement which was most ly negative towards art. The members of the Surrealism movement were reacting against the destruction that was caused by a rational way of thinking especially in the European politics and culture. The spokesman of the movement, Andre Breton, stated that Surrealism was meant to be used to reunite the unconscious and conscious experiences completely so that the dream and fantasy demesne would unite.Through this unity, the rational military man would be presented in the minds of mess in such a way that in that respect would exist not only an tyrannical verity -but also- surrealism (Bradley 14). Andre Breton first joined the Dada movement and engaged in the experimentation of automatic writing. This kind of literature involved spontaneous writing without the censorship of ones thoughts. As Breton continued writing, he managed to influence other writers to join him and with time they managed to make a team. It hence dawned on them that automatic writing seemed to be an useful way of changing the society rather than the Dada way of attacking values, which seemed to be negative.Breton kept on referring to the works of Freud and saw that the source of imagination was the unconscious mind. He defined genius in terms of accessibility to this normally untapped realm, which, he believed, could be attained by poets and painters alike (Lusty 4). In that regard, bulky works of art and paintings have been produced today due to continuous thought processes and insights of the mind. In addition to that, Breton adds that the aim of Surrealism is to unite the internal reality and the extraneous realityand refusing to allow the preeminence of one over the other (par. 5). In mold to achieve this, both realities need to be treated in a port that is systematic in order for their reciprocal effects to be felt by individuals in an effective way.The coming together of different automatic writers make a group that had the hope to revolutionize the experiences of humans inclu ding its political, social, somebodyal and cultural aspects. They intended to do this by influencing people to be free from what they perceived as restrictive customs, false rationality and structures. Breton also added that the Surrealism is long live social revolution, and it alone (Breton par.6) A few years later, the group of writers, led by Breton make the Surrealist Manifesto. In this manifesto, Breton defined Surrealism as Pure psychic automatism, by which it is intended to express, verbally, in writing, or by other means, the real process of thought (par.13).Surrealists have come to believe that cultures from the non-Western regions of the adult male are a source of continuous inspiration for the activities of surrealists since they strike a balance between imagination and instrumental reason than the culture of the west. In addition, Surrealism has also had an impact on revolutionary and radical politics both indirectly and directly. The direct influence can be explained in the sense that surrealists may join or form allies with political groups, parties or movements. On the other hand, an indirect effect occurs when surrealist put an emphasis on the intimate link between freeing imagination of the mind, and liberation from repressive and archaic social structures (Lusty 3).Surrealists work, as stated earlier, was mostly about automatic writing which later on dwelled on visual arts. In fact, it seemed as if the Surrealism movement was all about a visual movement due to the many a(prenominal) visual styles that were created by various artists in the movement. However, the movement came to find out that it can associate their visual images with ones individuality and at the same time use the images to diddle out psychological truth. The artists did this by, for example, painting original objects that seemed to have a completely a function that is completely different from their intended use. This was done in order to evoke empathy from people that v iewed it. An example of this process of a Surrealists work is the image of watches that sag as if they are melting (Bond 5). Such a work of art intends to reach deeply into the psychology of individuals and is made whole with ones individuality (Bond 5)Psychoanalysis explores the interconnection between the conscious and the unconscious mind. The psychoanalysis view holds that there are national forces outside of your awareness that are directing your behavior (Cherry par.3) Sometimes individuals might act in ways that they may not be in a position to explain why they act that way and yet their actions may be explained based on unresolved feelings about the past caused by specific experiences or significant people in their lives. Such feelings can be explored or triggered with the help of psychologists and help the individual gain insight into his or her behavior or problems.In the field of psychoanalysis, it is widely known that Sigmund Freud was the person who first discovered ps ychoanalysis and he then came up with psychoanalytical theory. most of his theories were considered to be shocking since he dwelt on the sexual desires of human beings and attempted to explain the human behavior based on these desires, which is why his theories raised a lot of controversies and debates. Actually, his work had a major influence on many disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, art, literature and most of all, psychology. Psychoanalysis is used to refer to many aspects of Freuds work and research including Freudian therapy and the research methodology he used to develop his theories (Cherry par.4) Most of the theories that Freud formulated were primarily based on observations he made on his patients. Cherry agrees with this observation when she states that Freud relied heavily upon his observations and case studies of his patients when he formed his theory of personality development (par.5)When people are faced with thoughts that are riotous they engage in self re proach or some people may have paranoia towards certain images or certain people due to past experiences that are even engraved in the subconscious mind. The purpose of paranoia is thus to fend off an idea that is incompatible with the ego, by projecting its substance to the external world (Bell 13) Many of the behaviors of human beings can be linked to their past experiences and as Bell puts it, many people face a difficulty in managing intolerable ideas that eventuate in self-reproach (14).Some people manage to delete these ideas through the process of repression but for others, self-reproach becomes self-distrust and so the obsession person continues to check and recheck his own actions (Bell 14).In addition to that, the idea will constantly remain in the mind of the paranoia but the judgment that concerns the idea is transformed as reproach towards the individual that bears the idea. In this way, the individual will live thinking that people are judging him because of the bad ideas that are in his mind, yet in the real sense, he has become paranoid. When an individual projects such internal objects to the environment that surrounds him or her, then it psychologists refer to it as projection and one is said to be suffering from paranoia.This example is given so that the strong effect of the unconscious mind is demonstrated clearly. According to psychology, many people are unaware that the unconscious mind is very alive and the thoughts that are inscribed in this part of the brain play a significant mapping in shaping the common behavior of individuals. In order to clearly illustrate psychoanalysis, it is important to be in a position to differentiate the meaning of the conscious mind and the unconscious mind. These two are sections of the brain that store memory at long term or short term depending on the section.A precise interpretation states that the conscious mind includes everything we are aware of (Cherry par.1) When one can easily talk and think about the mental processing in his or her mind, then it is said that the individual is operating in the conscious mind. Physicians normally test the memory of their patients, especially those that have suffered a brain injury, by asking them if they can remember their names or if they can recall what happened shortly before the accident. If these patients are in a position to recall the incidents, then their memory is still intact since a section of the conscious mind includes the memory. Freud called this memory ordinary memory the preconscious (Bell 12).On the other hand, the unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that are outside of our conscious awareness (Bell13) generally, psychologists say that the contents of this part of the mind are unpleasant or unacceptable, for instance, feelings of conflict, pain or anxiety. In addition to that, the unconscious mind will always influence our experience and behavior even though we are unaware of thes e underlying influences (Bradley 4) Psychoanalysis of the human mind will therefore help individuals understand why they behave in a particular way and they will also find out whether the unconscious mind is influencing their behavior.Breton was always corresponding with Freud in his works and in leading the movement of Surrealism. He especially showed a deep interest and a continuous address on the theories that were presented by Freud. A closer look at surrealists paintings will reveal that there is an interconnection between Surrealism and psychoanalysis. As discussed previously, it can be observe that Surrealism was an artistic movement which was concerned with the nature of the unconscious and its connection with creation (Bond par.1) As the surrealists aimed to dissever the way of thinking that was conventional, their works attempted to highlight the the role of the unconscious in creativity in order to break new ground (Bond par.1)In addition to that, since the surrealists had an interest in the expressions and the functioning of the unconscious, and where the position of desire was in psychoanalytical theory, it was obvious that there would be attempts to associate a surrealists work with a theme that spelled out desire. In that regard, desire is treated in psychoanalytical terms. In support of this view, Bond states that The connection between surrealism and psychoanalysis cannot be understated (par.20) since psychoanalysis was seen as the means to the freedom of the mind of human beings. Since the unconscious mind is correlated with conflict, pain or anxiety, the work of surrealists, especially visual arts, attempts to evoke feelings that are associated with these three emotions. In fact, most of the work of surrealists aims to make its audience emotional and instill feelings of empathy.The main themes of Surrealism are psychoanalytic as depicted in the work of a surrealist. Lusty supports this view when she says that a serial of psychoanalytic S urrealist themes, including narcissism, fantasy, masquerade, perversion (1) From these themes, it can be said that many surrealists work depict perversion especially those that show the nudity of females. In the same light, psychoanalysis, which mainly dwells on the unconscious mind, demonstrates that this part of the brain stores up unpleasant memories some of which, according to Freud, are sexual in nature. Therefore, the way a surrealist work uses the unconscious mind for creativity in order to illustrate perversion by the use of nude paintings, may evoke associated feelings of the unconscious mind. This way, the surrealists succeeded in influencing the human mind by use of fictive visual arts. Also the use of fantasy can be explained in the same way.In addition to that, the theater of Surrealists depicts the subconscious experience, moody tone and disjointed structure, sometimes imposing a unifying idea (Lusty 6) These surrealists wish to create a theatrical form that is direct and immediate, by linking the unconscious minds of performers and spectators (Bell 12) which seems to be ritualistic. In some of these theaters, feelings, emotions and metaphysical were expressed physically thus creating a vision that seems to share similarities with the realm of dreams. Thus it can be deduced that psychoanalysis has a deep interconnection with surrealists work since Surrealism depended mostly on imagination and linked it to psychoanalysis in order to produce great and creative pieces of art.ConclusionIt can therefore be noted that the relationship between psychoanalysis and surrealism is real and it affects human beings since they both deal with the subconscious mind. The literature review has shown that Breton depended on the work of Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, as he led the followers of Surrealism. In addition to that, Breton showed that he fully depended on psychoanalysis as he was doing automatic writing and painting. In that regard, the defin ition of surrealism is connected with art and the subconscious mind as they work hand in hand with the aim of expressing inner thoughts and influence the way of thinking of other human beings. Therefore, it is sufficient to state that surrealists are the people who are paint and do automatic writing, also referred to as literature. Moreover, the surrealists were known to be influential and they were very aggressive with their work of art since it was a way of expressing anger and ridicule to the peoples way of thinking.In other words, surrealism does not use the voice for expression but passes so many messages by the use of visual arts that seems so unique and creative. This kind of art helps surrealists to express emotions such as desire, love, hatred, despair, dissatisfaction and many more. It was also seen that they use abstract images in their work of art images that one cannot expect can be used in a particular manner. An example of this was the use of a sliding wall clock on t op of a table. Such are the kind of creative art that were used but with the intention of influencing the subconscious, just as psychoanalysis attempts to understand the feelings that are stored up in the subconscious.In addition, it was learnt that Surrealism grew from the Dada movement and the two movements shared some similarities. The only problem that Dada movement had is that it used its literature to attack the individuals of the society. This is what displeased Breton, who was then a member of the Dada movement and he would later turn out to be the spokesman of the Surrealism movement. Thus, the literature review has shown that Breton, together with a team of other automatic writers rebelled form the Dada movement since they were not pleased with the concept of leadership and they formed a Surrealist network that would be positive in its activities and movements instead of negative like Dada. In other words, Breton and his team chose art, a more subtle way of passing message s, as the theme of movement. This movement would later move from Paris to other parts of the world like New York.The relationship between Surrealism and Psychoanalysis was brought out clearly in the paper by showing that they both use the subconscious mind. archetypical and foremost, the conscious mind is that part of the brain where one can easily talk about when asked what they are thinking about. On the other hand, the unconscious mind is the part of the brain that stores up feelings and emotions associated with it and this is the part of the mind that influences behavior. Moreover, psychoanalysts who try to understand why an individual is behaving in a particular manner will always explore the mind of a patient with the aim of uncovering the stored feelings in the unconscious. Psychoanalytical theory that was invented by Sigmund Freud dwells upon the unconscious mind.Sigmund Freud has stated that the feelings that result from the experiences all people go through are sometimes stored in the subconscious mind. Such feelings may, in many occasions, influence the way people interpret other situations that they go through in life without being aware that the subconscious mind is the one leading them to act and think in such a manner. The kinds of feelings that are stored in this part of the mind are normally unpleasant and Freud states that most of the time, the feelings are sexual. Freud further states that some individuals engage in self-reproach whenever they experience such feelings because they believe that they are unacceptable and wrong. This is what results in paranoia where an individual is self-obsessed with fear over issues and experiences due the influence of the feelings in the unconscious mind.The paintings of Surrealists had a connection with the unconscious. This is where the relationship between Surrealism and Psychoanalysis begins. The works of surrealist was painted in such a way that they would influence the way of thinking of human beings , which was thought to be conventional. Thus their work intended to bring out the role the unconscious mind played in creativity and thinking so that this way of expression by art, would break new ground. Moreover, it was seen that Breton kept referring to the psychoanalytical theory of Sigmund Freud in his work so that he would use the theme in the paintings. Thus this also was an indication that there exists a relationship between Surrealism and Psychoanalysis.Furthermore, it was shown that the main themes of the Surrealists work are psychoanalytic. The kinds of themes that seemed prevalent and shared a close relationship with psychoanalysis are narcissism, perversion, fantasy and masquerade. It is especially true to note that perversion seemed to be the central theme of their work especially when they did the paintings of women, this kind of paintings has raised a lot of controversy in the world today as the Surrealists were accused of being feminists. Moreover, the use of perver sion may evoke associated feelings with the unconscious mind that people see as unpleasant, such as paintings of nudity. In addition, theaters that displayed surrealists work intend to make a connection with the mind of the audience and this is also a concept of psychoanalysis. This is how the surrealists used visual art to influence the human mind. In fact, it was not only the theme of perversion that was used to influence their way of thinking, but also themes that would ridicule politicians and other leaders in society to change their way of leadership and lead the society and its members in the right path.

A Small Business Manager as A Leader

A slim Business Manager as A LeaderOutlineIn the 21st century era, modest and large, private and habitual in-person credit linees atomic number 18 all aiming towards stinting maturation. However, this growth has slowed following emergence of unprincipled leaders whose main aim has been pleasure of individual needs as cont last to their employees and customers. With such unethical practices, it is obvious that a strong impact has been witnessed in economic growth, which boils down to declining capital investments and unemployment for puny workes. Emergence of economic uncertainty john be traced back to WorldCom and e- argumentation organisation sector failure (Luthans, Luthans, Hodgetts, Luthans 2001)1 . Before the famous 9/11 attack, get together States economy was already declining following change magnitude unemployment and reduced consumer spending. This educate was further worsened by the 9/11 attack that resulted in increased uncertainty in economic change (Sh aw Shapiro 2002)2. These changes get to challenged the need for leading and anxiety at all directs of business focusing on ensuring nothing but absolute success. For leaders and perplexity to achieve these roles, on that point is need for redefinition from the uncouthly held perspective.Management and leadership are two equipment casualty that are commonly and differently used in small businesses and signifi butt endtly in rejuvenating a dwindle away economy. To some tidy sum, these terms are seen as synonyms and thusly used frequently and interchangeably. From other perspectives, these words are perceived as two different business approaches. Those identifying these terms as extremes maintain the possibility of an individual being a bad manager and good leader simultaneously. Others lease resided somewhere between the terms insisting that while perplexity and leadership inherently presents two different business approaches, it is possible to navigate in both thought s for a successful business.In modern business environment, businesses whether small or large- bequeath burning(prenominal)ly require strong managers and effective leaders if all operation is going to be regarded as successful. While some perspectives argue that their contributions to organisational success vary, it is conclusively understood that precaution and leadership allow for apparently contribute positively towards both business success. For the purpose of this article, management and leadership are understood differently. Whether employ simultaneously or differently, m whatsoever businesses will give a precise testimony of earthshaking impacts that leadership and management obligate on every successful business. Therefore, the main objective here is not to evaluate how the two terms vary, but quite an how they contribute to success of small business. This strain will therefrom understand the fundamental characterizations of management and leadership, the comp one(a)nts of effective leadership and management in small outperform businesses and their underlying theoretical perspectives. Ideally with appropriate training, it is possible for managers and leaders to develop a successful small scale business.Leadership versus managementIn any small scale business, adopting an entrepreneurial spirit is perceived as critical for economic growth, enterprise growth, and overall nation advantageouslyspringbeing. Therefore in these entrepreneurs, the passion is move towards ensuring ontogenesis of businesses that will outline success. As this business is continually natured, the aim is providing the best run and products at friendly prices that can easily be afforded by their customers. Therefore, without however contemplating on what constitutes leadership and management, business developers embark on a journey that is entirely perceived to be geared towards the overall goal. Ironically, these business leaders or managers but possess appropri ate expertise, background, and desire of managing their businesses in a strategical manner. Leadership and management are important for success and consequently if undermined, these businesses are likely to eventually fall or fail to achieve the overall objectives (Kouzes Posner 2007)3.Kouzes and Posner (2007) understand leadership as a process that enables a group member to puzzle out fellow members towards achieving a common goal. Further, the same authors explain that while indeed there exists various leadership styles, there are particular leadership components that will inherently exist in all these definitions. These varying definitions will undeniably agree that leadership is a process it incorporates influence, involves attainment of a well labeled goal, and occurs in a group context. Hence, regardless of how leadership is operationalized, these aspects will undeniably play a contributing role in the utilized system and definition of leadership.From a different perspe ctive, Kouzes and Posner (2007) argue that management is understood from varying definitions. Conversely, this does not imply that both management and leadership roles cannot be held by one individual, but management is perceived to follow a definition quite different from leadership. Management definition incorporates supervisory, administrative, and executive tutelage of an organization or group. Therefore, management and leadership are perceived to share numerous similarities. For instance, going by the understanding of Gordon and Yukl (2004), both leadership and management are ways of impacting influence and collaborating with people for achievement of the overall goal. However, management and leadership fields can too be observed to be different.In Kotlers leadership theory, leadership is an old image that has been employed in business for many centuries. Management on the other hand is a concept that has been developed over the last 100 geezerhood as a result of industrial transformation. Kotlers perspective is undeniably shared by many scholars when it comes to understanding leadership and management. For instance, according to theorists Nanus Bennis as qtd. by Gordon Yukl (2004), management is perceived to be an approach through and through which activities are accomplished in such a way that routines can be mastered. Leading hence implies influencing others and outgrowth of a vision through which change whitethorn be enhanced. Rost (Chemers, 2002)4 on the other side understands leadership as a relationship with multidisciplinary influence while management is perceived to be authoritarian leadership that is lined towards one direction. Chemers (2002) adds that leadership and management are two different business approaches that should be handled by different individuals. Moreover, an overlap exists in the two fields. For instance, when management activities are aimed at assisting employees to achieve organizational goals, this form of management is observed to be operate under leadership. As the leaders are involved in features such as organizing, planning, controlling, and staffing, they are observed to be operating under management. This is a simplex indication that these two aspects will undeniably involve interchanging and similar roles and hence can hardly be fully isolated.Literature reviewIn the United States, a larger section of economy is chiefly centered on small businesses. In small businesses, leaders have used various approaches that have been employed to enhance organizational positioning in such a way that these business objectives and goals can be achieved (Howard, 2006)5. Based on the fact that economic condition has been a major concern, this market has witnessed a rapidly changing demand for small business. According to Pellerins (2007) perception, small businesses are individually owned and operated, hence hardly dominate in their field of operation. The last three decades have seen United States, am ong other global nations, witness a dominant instruction of small businesses (Kuratko, 2007)6. These small businesses have, in United States, resulted to the GDP growth by more(prenominal) than half, serving as a main source of job creation through incorporation of more than 50 of the workforce.Therefore from studies, it is apparent that when it comes to the economic growth, small businesses are hardly detachable. From the United States Census (2005) statistics, 13.3 million United States organizations were registered as small scale businesses by the year 2004. The small business increase has come as a boost to economic growth and as a meat of employment creation. Growth in small businesses has been linked to economic improvement and nearly importantly creation of new employment. According to Kurakto (2007), small business growth has been attributed to increased competition, profitability, and well framed organization goals. In order for these achievements to be enhanced, Kurak to (2007) has noted the importance of effective leadership. However, this has not always been the case because as primarily highlighted little leadership is inherent in many small businesses.Beaver (2003) and Perry (2001)7 affirms that one of the reasons for failure in much small business is simply because of poor leadership. Based on this understanding, Gordon and Yulk (2004) have mainly targeted their reteach in understanding important leadership skills that affect small scale environment. More than two decades ago, Beaver (2003) study 200 small scale businesses that had recorded bankruptcy. From the study, it was clearly observed that the main reason behind failure of small business was management neglect, and lack of intimacy on leadership. Therefore, if these small businesses have to be successful, it is important to incorporate leadership styles.As Pellerin (2007) observes, the rate of failure in small businesses is high. This author observes that by the end of the third y ear, the rate of failure hits more than 62% in many small businesses. However, this study does not incorporate another burning issue management incompetence. Scheers and Radipere (2007) add that within the first ten years of business operation, 90% of small business fail. These authors strongly agree that failure in these businesses is mainly caused by poor skills in management and leadership. As a result, for any economy to be successful, small business have to be competitive and productive (Beaver 2003)8. For any economic growth, the central role of small businesses can hardly be undermined. For these businesses, leadership and management skills should be understood as main steps towards increased returns. These skills are well incorporated in different theoretical perspectives. From various authors, leadership has been understood differently although there is a common agreement in these varying perspectives.Leadership has always been perceived to be a process through which one pe rson is able to support and aid others to accomplish common tasks. Through leadership, a way is created through which contribution is enhanced by ensuring that extraordinary things are implemented (Pellerin 2007). In addition, if these leaders have to be successful, they should importantly portray internal control locus.Charismatic leadershipCharisma in leadership is highlighted and delimitated in numerous ways. It is however perceived to be an exemplary character that is natured in an individual person. According to Kouzes and Posner (2007)9, charismatic leadership is perceived as a behavioral inclination of leaders that result in development of exceptionally strong relationship between leaders and their followers. For these charismatic leaders, Robbins and Coutler (2003) has highlighted three exceptional leadership characteristics which are expression of high confidence, strong convictions, and dominance in their beliefs. The same authors also add that these charismatic leaders should be able to demonstrate optimism, determination and confidence, and collective ability of accomplishing mission and realizing the vision. These authors arguably add that these leaders are also required to engender trust as well as the ability to take personal risks to prove that their approach is indeed justified. Therefore, there is a high likelihood of charismatic leaders focusing to develop a clear and distinct group.Charismatic leadership has a high likelihood of being found in emerging and struggling small businesses than in stable and successful organizations. Emphasizing on the importance of this leadership, Kouzes and Posner (2007) have highlighted five important attributes that must be found in any leader to be categorized as charismatic. They are (1) Articulation and vision (2) Sensitivity to the needs of employees (3) face-to-face risk taking (4) Sensitivity to the business environment in which the business is operating and (5) Execution of make outive behavior. S chermerhorn (2005) has summarized charismatic leaders as leaders or managers who are capable of sparking a sense of belonging towards the business. In addition, these leaders have been able to inspire their employees towards a direction in which organizational objectives and goals may be achieved (Schermerhorn 2005)10.Transformational leadershipAccording to Pryor et al. (2007)11, transformational leaders are able to impact movement and change in their organization. Such leaders are able to set about ways of altering the prevailing structure while ensuring that people are continuously convinced to support new responsibilities and vision. For the excellent transformational leaders, power and authority is utilized as motivational and inspirational tools to the people they follow and trust. This leadership is hence able to provide energy producing characteristics through which new changes are likely to be generated in a business. Furthermore, these leaders are capable of motivating fol lowers to transcend their individual interests for other combined purposes while at the same duration ensuring that these followers are assisted to increasingly satisfy their individual needs. Pryor et al. (2007) have revealed inner transformational leadership characteristics in small business. These characteristics are highlighted to be inclusive of honesty, integrity, and personal values. These characteristics are positively influential to the leaders behavior. For effective carrying out, a major ingredient is connection of transformational leadership with life experiences. This inner connection is combined with the resulting behaviors do develop external behaviors through which a business is transformed. For instance, a group vision is produced by a sense of personal involvement.Management modelsConventionally, small businesses have been seen to have a low likelihood of utilizing strategic management models in comparison to large organizations based on a number of reasons. They are (1) Small businesses are in most cases owned at the family level (2) The leaders in small businesses are in most cases focused on workaday operations thereby paying minimal-if any- attention to strategic management systems and management models (3) Small businesses are mainly less endowed in financial resources that can comfortably be utilized in improving business performance through training and (4) Competitors at their levels apply similar business approaches, without incorporation of any managerial models and implementation of systems through which improvement can be enhanced.Additionally, entrepreneurs involved in development of small business are hardly interested in development of procedures and processes. On the other side, large organizations obviously incorporate people with a clear understanding of management models by the time they have unblemished their studies in colleges. Moreover, these organizations have large amounts of finances that can resourcefully be all ocated to training. Large scale businesses compete with large business opponents that are competitively and strategically driven.Strategic management approachThis approach was initially developed by Toombs, White, and Pryor (1998) with a perception that small scale business leaders or managers incorporate strategic management elements in their business. This ideal incorporates the SWOT analysis together with the vision, mission, objectives, goals, values, competitive advantage, critical success factors, totalment, and feedback. Various theorists strongly insist that strategic management is an important aspect for a small business targeting sweetening of quality initiatives. Numerous authors have mostly insisted that as a result of incorporating various business theories, models, standards, tools, strategies, surveys, and training, it becomes possible for small businesses to be improved. These theorists mainly insist on the need for integrating quality initiatives into the organiza tions strategic management (Pryor et al. 2007)12. As a way of creating supernumerary emphasis on this point, Chemers (2002) explain that total quality management must be linked to the strategy of a business because most strategies incorporate goals. Chemers also adds that TQM must be guided by a senior team in management and project selection must be based on their importance when it comes to achieving success in a business. Robbins and Coulter (2003)13 supports the perception above. However, they argue that customer impact must be integrated with strategic management as a way of achieving the desired results.ModelWhile strategic management theory is perceived to be a model that should be incorporated by business leaders for long term success and survival, this model hardly incorporates the 5Ps model that was established by Pryor (1998)14. The strategic management model and strategic direction establishment is perceived to be incorporated in one of the five rudiments that should im portantly be adopted to enhance a business success. For pulmonary purposes, this business approach has mainly been referred to as Purpose. The remaining elements are performance, people, processes, and principles. The 5Ps model is perceived to have some elements that are similar to those found in strategic management model that has earlier been examined. However, these elements have additional importance besides their individual importance. Moreover, their alignment is perceived to be equally important.Business leadership approaches attribute approach to leadershipTrait approach is developed from great man model as an approach through which key characteristics can be determine for successful leaders. This approach is centered on the perception that through this approach, it is possible for leadership approaches to be isolated. Therefore, individuals possessing such traits can be selected, recruited, and installed into the positions of leadership. This theory has resulted in develop ment of numerous traits. After numerous years characterized with continuous research, it is apparently hard to identify consistent traits. Although some traits have been found in various studies, these studies results have been inconclusive. It is possible for some leaders to possess certain traits. However, in case these traits are not present in an individual, this is not sufficient reason to disincline such a person as a leader. In order to qualify an individual as effective leader, various traits should be processed. Nevertheless, there is a high likelihood of some traits to be more frequently observed than others. Some of the commonly observed traits in an effective leader are inclusive of friendliness, technical skills, task motivation, supportiveness to group tasks, emotional control, social skills, intelligence, and general charisma.Behavioral leadershipThe trait studies results were not conclusive. The inconclusiveness is based on the perception that it is hard to measure traits amongst other things. For instance, it is hard to measure such traits such as integrity, diligence, loyalty, and honesty. This inconclusiveness is what has challenged development of behavioral model. In this model, the focus is based on forgiving relationships alongside performance and output.In McGregors theory Y and theory X managers, it is observed that an clean individual is more likely to develop an inherent work dislike and will make all efforts possible to avoid working. In theory X, it is observed that this individual characteristic is highly likely to provoke the need for controlling, coercing, or even threatening individuals if they are to be encouraged to make efforts required for organizational goal achievement. Theory X is also based on the perception that an average individual highly prefers being directed as a way of avoiding responsibility. In theory Y, the managers believe that mental or physical effort intake is as natural as rest and play. In addition, t he managers believe that employees are likely to exercise self-control and self-direction as a way of achieving the objectives that define their commitment. Moreover, the ability of exercising high level of ingenuity, imagination, and creativity in organization problem solution is widely (as opposed to being narrowly) disseminated in the people and human being potentials. From this theory, it is possible to conclude that theory X leader is more drawn towards an autocratic approach while theory Y leader is more drawn towards a participative style.In the managerial grid, developed through collaboration of Jane Mouton and Robert Blake, the focus has mainly been drawn to managers, employees (people), and task (production) orientation together with a combination of concerns between these two limits. Mouton and Brake model therefore suggest that team management, a major concern to production and employee, is the most effective leadership approach.Situational or contingency leadership appr oach to businessEven as behavioral model is likely to assist management in a business when it comes to development of a specific leadership behavior, little guidance is given in understanding the constituents of effective leadership in varying situations. Undeniably, most modern researchers conclusively agree that indeed there exists no one appropriate leadership style for every manager under all settings. Therefore, development of contingency models was aimed at indicating that the utilized style is dependent upon such aspects as the people, the situation, and business among other surrounding variables. In contingency approach, it is understood that there hardly exists one specific approach through which managers can be able to lead. As a result of situations, varying leadership requirements are likely to be created for a leader. For this leadership situation, the solution is dependent on the factors affecting the situation. For instance, in a high routine environment characterized with repetitive tasks, a comparatively guiding management approach it likely to yield best results. However, a more participative approach will be required in a dynamic environment. twist a successful businessAccording to Howard (2006)15, business performance is perceived to be a multifaceted construct incorporating customer, operational, and financial oriented performance domains. The non-financial measures are inherent in Howard study. This performance measurement approach is incorporated as a result of limitation connected with small businesses financial data measurement. The satisfaction of the owners through performance of business is perceived to be one significant success indicators. Small business success is defined as performance level equal to or exceeding the firms owner expectations. The indicators that have mainly been employed in performance measurement are profitability, annual earnings, and return on investments.Standards of a small businessThe small business standa rds have been developed by Chartered Quality Institute (CQI) (2007) in collaboration with the management consultants. This is a business model that is perceived to be important for managers targeting continuous growth in their business. Designing of the small business standards is aimed to be utilized in various investments that implicate small and medium size businesses, and micro businesses (CQI 2007). In the places where management term is utilized to imply micro business, it is likely to imply the proprietor. In the standard business model, there are nine main sections (1) Customer care (2) Business reviews (3) Employees and staff (4) management responsibility (5) suppliers (6) processes and work environment (7) Correction and prevention of services complications (8) Records and (9) Documentation. While the standard is mainly perceived to be simplistic in comparison to the 5Ps model and Strategic management model, it incorporates numerous small business management key ingredien ts. Therefore for small businesses, it is likely to be a good starting point as the business moves towards management and improvement of its organization (CQI, 2007)16.In relation to the small businesses standards application, one British Standards Institute website has observed that it is possible for real business standards to be achieved by small scale businesses. If this approach is well utilized, it hence has a high likelihood of resulting in (1) elimination of inefficiencies witnessed when it comes to allocation of already limited resources (2) improvement of marketing speed and risk reduction and (3) enhancement of an effective competition with bigger businesses (British Standards Institute 2007)17.From the general leadership perspective, it is apparent that indeed success or failure in results production will mainly depend on leaders character. For these leaders to be viewed as effective, they have to be viewed as essential for the business success. However, the achievement of organizational success will not depend on adoption of similar leadership styles in all organizations. Nonetheless, these leaders will have an influential role on how the organizational goals are to be achieved by the employees in the organization. For this to be enhanced, small business leaders will require advanced understanding of the leadership styles to portray progress and development in achievement of organizational objectives and goals. With small business research, these leaders will be provided with understanding of leadership activities that are necessary for specific position if achievement of organizational objectives and goals is to be enhanced. These businesses will hence have to establish working environment for their business this will be enhanced through leadership style. For organizational effectiveness, leadership will obviously have an important role. If employee empowerment will not be fulfilled in these organizations, there will be a high likelihood of emplo yee dissatisfaction that will undeniably divert from achievement of organizational objectives and goals. Therefore, if a healthy working environment has to be maintained in these businesses, leadership should play an integral role.ConclusionThe theoretical underpinnings evaluated in this article clearly demonstrate need for robust leadership existence in any small business. The failure of these businesses is indeed due to failure to adopt the necessary and fundamental requisites of a successful organization effective leadership and management skills. This essay is very relevant for instance in the current economic conditions that desperately require an influential intervention. Leadership hence should be trailed towards ensuring employee satisfaction and effectiveness as a way through organizational success and profitability will be enhanced. Consequently, robust leadership will eventually affect the success and profitability of small business. The way through which this will be enh anced is through incorporation of leadership and management theories analyzed in this essay. These leadership and management hence need to be employee motivation towards adaptation of organizational vision and mission.References1(Luthans, Luthans, Hodgetts, Luthans 2001)2(Shaw Shapiro 2002)3(Kouzes Posner 2007)4(Chemers, 2002)5(Howard, 2006)6(Kuratko, 2007)7 Beaver (2003) and Perry (2001)8(Beaver 2003)9 Kouzes and Posner (2007)10 Schermerhorn (2005)11 Pryor et al. (2007)12 White, and Pryor (1998)13 Robbins and Coulter (2003)14 established by Pryor (1998)15 According to Howard (2006)16(CQI, 2007)17 (British Standards Institute 2007)

Styles Used in Islamic Art

Styles Used in Muslim ArtWhat is sacred art? Who determines what art is sacred? And what reasons do they regulate upon? Many questions surface when it comes to distinguishing the difference between sacred art, religious art, and traditional art. The three are different from one another in some way. reverend art includes depictions encouraging humans into spirituality. It is the result of divine inspiration. It is basic eithery something specifically made for the purpose of worship and can range from a prayer carpet to the prayer itself. Due to the fact that in the Islamic purification, the depiction of figural representation is forbidden, Islamic art primarily focuses on spiritual geometric forms, penmanship and biomorphic designs. From the Middle-Ages, Islamic art has always had this theme of balance, unity and harmony in its patterns which in Arabic is called el tawhid. It uses repetition of designs to come across with crucial concepts much(prenominal) as Gods creation of the universe. In comparison, religious art is that type of non-traditional art devoted to religious themes and functions even if its method of execution and language are no longer traditional (Sophia 1996). It consists of illustrations of themes or events depicted in holly books. This type of art can only be appreciated by its followers. For an example, to a Muslim a painting of Saint Mary and Jesus may not seem as appealing as it would to Christianity followers. Finally, traditional art is dissimilar from both the antecedently stated arts as it is the art that deals with a culture or a specific group of people. Due to all its principles and techniques of symbolism it assists the viewer to catch aware of the Divine which is in Islam God but for an example in Christianity Jesus Christ. Egypt with all its mosques, churches and even Jewish temples, is a proper example of where some(prenominal) traditional arts appear since there is many arts however they suit all the religions perfectly. The Islamic work of art is a symbolic statement, as is all art for it attempts to make a sensory representation of an important idea not evidenced to the senses (Al Faruqi). However, the Islamic civilization tends to spread religious architecture rather than sacred architecture. It focuses primarily on representing the theme of tawhid through its architecture, calligraphy, and forms. However, it is impossible to for a non-follower to image this type of art. In reverse, it is also impossible for one to understand Islam and its message without being exposed to its art which carries a true and deep kernel to it. This can all be understood by looking back at what Henry David Thoreau once said its not what you look at but what you see where symbolism is explained that what the art means or reflects varies from one soul to another.As Islamic art focuses on patterns and symmetry to demonstrate unity it uses many styles to accomplish its mission. One of the famous styles utilise in Is lamic civilization is the smallness of the elements of the compositional motifs which is how forms are fixed to the smallest details. This is concluded to drive the viewer to concentrate on all(prenominal) little detail. A second style used in Islamic art is the complication of the motifs which generates the viewer to look at the design from different perspectives. The third style seen in Islamic art uses repetition of patterns to symbolize infinity. Islamic art also contains many forms such as divisions and symmetry. Such divisions embody organization and infinity. Most of the previously stated styles and forms can be found in the famous design called the Breath of the Compassionate.The Breath of the Compassionate, or al-nafas al-rahman, is an eight-point star, is a famous design to many cultures and religions. It can be found in many religious iconographies just like the form of a niche can be found in churches, synagogues and mosques. However, it holds a different meaning to eve ry religion it is illustrated in. I believe this widely-known design of symmetry and balance has great significance to the Islamic idea of el tawhid demonstrating harmony and unity. One of the major reasons, I believe so is because it uses all of the forms and styles I have previously stated above such as symmetry, repetition and geometry.One major aspect that unavoidably to be explained in many of the Islamic designs is the use of the number eight in the number of sides, points of a star and so forth. This number is used in many of the Islamic designs especially where octagons can be found. The Breath of the Compassionate is a great example to look at while discussing the deep meaning behind the number eight. The number eight holds different meanings to many cultures as well as to diverse religions. First and foremost, eight symbolizes eternity and absolute ideal (Schimmel). It is also the number of how many gates Paradise has unlike Hell which has seven only. This shows that God s mercy is greater than His wrath (Schimmel).The word Compassionate in the accent the Breath of the Compassionate is derived from the ninety-nine names of God. Compassionate resembles infinity therefore Islamic designs tend to be repetitive. As a result, I believe that the collateral message behind the phrase the Breath of the Compassionate is Gods creation of the universe. Moreover, it represents His endless compassion towards Muslim followers which in Arabic is rahma.In conclusion, as Islamic art displays no figural representations and entirely focuses on symmetrical and unified geometrical patterns it carries a deep meaning to it that mostly only Muslims can comprehend. totally Islamic art follows the transcendent theory of el tawhid to inspire Islam followers into believing in the concept of La-illah ila-Allah meaning one God. To sum up all my points, I believe the unity and balance created in Islamic iconographies demonstrates the creative will of God.

Personal Writing: Changing Grades And The Consequences :: essays research papers

Personal Writing Changing Grades and The Consequences     I was about to leave my algebra class one sidereal daylight when the teacher asked mea question. "Could you do help me out with my rollbook program?" he asked. "Sure,how can I help?" I replied. "Im not sure about how to extradite back-up copies of mywork. Could you show me how?" he said.     At this moment, I realized the scope of his question. I would be able toacess the grades for all of his classes. "Ok, Where are your disks?" I answered."Right here. I in reality appreciate this." he said. I began to show him how to copyfiles from one disk to another. He thanked me and sent me on my way.     A few days later he asked me to show him how to do it again, because heforgot. When I began to demonstrate this to him, several of the other studentsnoticed and began to talk quietly amongst themselves. Later that day, at lunchtime, I was approached by some of the other students in my class."Hey, could you help us change our grades in algebra?" They asked. "Idont know... I might get caught..." I answered reluctantly. "Aww... come on....what are you, fearful?" they taunted. "Well pay you...."     At that moment I began to think. I could not believe what I was hearing.I could get paid for something very simple. "Alright. Ill do it. What were yourlast names again?" I said.     The next day my algebra teacher got me to help him out with his rollbookprogram. When he was not paying attention, I began to change their grades fromFs to As. Later on that day one of studens approached me."Hey, did you do it?" he asked. "Yes, and I expect to be paid in full."I replied. "Dope alright, Heres my money. Ill get the others to pay younext time they chit-chat you."     I began to become very popular among my peers. They began to treat melike a god with a magical power. I began to change the grades of students in myteachers other classes. cry spread quickly and I became very rich.Everything was going fine until I was called into the Deans offfice.When I got there, my teacher was very furious, and the Dean had a angry look inhis eyes. "I have known you for 3 years now. I dont want to believe what yourteacher says, but Im afraid that I must. He has too much(prenominal) evidence." he said.

Searching for a Home :: Personal Narrative Essays

Searching for a Home   I arrived home on sunlight night, from a two week pass, which was nice in that we went to very nice places, and in that I had, for the first time in a while, the sort of vacation which did not involve a lot of driving around and which really succeeded in making me feel that I was gone, out of my real life, away, for a while. However, I did not succeed in accomplishing the mental task I had set out for myself for these two weeks.   This task was I suppose a variant of the mutual mental task I set for myself while traveling, anywhere, even for a short distance or a short time to look at my life from as much distance as I can, to get a sense of the shape of the forest, removed from the detail/muddle of tree later tree, and to see what, if anything, needs to be changed, and maybe even how to change it. For me, actually, there always seems to be something that needs to be changed. This time in my travels, the questions I was severe to resolve, the ne w perspective I was trying to arrive at--not, by a long shot, for the first time--had something to do with the quotation marks Ive put around the intelligence home.   To put it very simply, I dont feel at home here. Id like to go home, but Im not sure where that is. To make matters worse, Ive been wondering about this for some(prenominal) years, like maybe fifteen or twenty years, trying one place after another. Nothing seems to fit.   The fact that I know that this is at least 50% an internal problem (i.e., at least as much a matter of where I am psychologically as physically) does not, alas, help me to dissolver the question. Its clear to me Ive come to focus on the question of place (the central question here being, where would I like to live for the rest of my life? where could I see myself living?) in the way that some people focus on Who Is the Right Person? or When/How/Why Must I upgrade Up? Not that I dont obsess over these little matters, too, just that they d ont take the central place in my reflections, most of the time.